Agriculture
Legumes, including peas and beans, are among the most important staple food crops worldwide. Legumes are also planted among other crops because of their ability to enrich soil nitrogen content.
Legumes are plants of the pea or bean family classed in the family Leguminosae, which is referred to as the family Fabaceae in North America. With 18,000 species and 650 genera, the legumes are one of the largest families of plants in the world.
The vast majority of legumes are herbaceous plants, but family members range in size from dwarf willow like herbs of Arctic and alpine habitats to massive tropical trees. Most are flowering plants, but the family also includes a number of shrubs and trees, some quite tall and many bearing thorns or spines.
Legumes can be recognized by their distinctive fruits, which are typically elongated pods that contain and protect the seeds. The fruit is an ovary that splits along two sides at maturity. The legume family includes three subfamilies, each with a distinctive type of flower.
Subfamilies
The largest of the subfamilies is the Papilonoidae, named for the distinctive, butterfly-shaped wings of the flower petals. This subfamily includes the most familiar and economically important legumes, such as beans, peas, peanuts, lentils, and soybeans, the vetches and other ground covers, and animal forage crops, such as clovers, sweet clovers, lupines, and alfalfa.
Most members of the subfamily Caesalpinioidae are tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs, many of which are widely planted as ornamentals, including the honey-locust (Gledtsia) and redbud (Cercis species)?both very popular ornamentals?along with a number of subtropical shrubs and small trees, notably themes quite and palo verde of the American Southwest.
The subfamily also includes a number of vines, such aswisteria (Wisteria floribunda) and wait-a-minute vine. An extract of the wild senna (Senna alexandrina) is an important purgative medicine. The flowers of Caesalpinioidae have five uneven petals.
The subfamily Mimosoidae also consists mostly of tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs, such as mimosa and the Kentucky coffee tree, Gymnocladus dioica. Legumes of this subfamily typically have a cluster of small flowers on a single stem, the whole covered by long stamens.
Nitrogen Fertilizer from Legumes
The importance of legumes as a green fertilizer has been recognized for centuries. As early as the third century b.c.e., the Greek philosopher and scientist Theophrastus recommended that beans should be planted to enrich farm soils.
Then, as now, a common agricultural practice was to rotate cereal crops, such as corn or wheat, with leguminous crops, such as clover or alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The legumes used as green fertilizer not only contribute nitrogen to the soil but also can be harvested as animal feed.
The ability of legumes to enrich soil nitrogen content stems from their symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium and other nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which enter and colonize the root hairs of certain legume seedlings.
The cell walls of the root hairs respond by curling to form a nodule that houses and protects the colony of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The bacteria fix molecular nitrogen of the atmosphere into nitrogen-containing compounds useful to the plant, which in turn provides the bacteria with water, minerals, and carbon-based products of photosynthesis.
Legumes as Crops
For centuries, people around the world have depended on a combination of grains and legumes for a healthy and sustaining diet. Legumes were among the earliest of crops cultivated in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East (the region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) some eleven thousand years ago, where farmers supplemented their wheat and barley crops with lentils and peas.
Legumes still rank among the most important of all staple food crops, especially the pulses (edible seeds), such as peas and beans, chickpeas, and lentils. Legumes are also important as cover plants to hold and stabilize soils, as nutrient-rich feed for livestock, as timber products, and as green fertilizer.
Some species are also valuable because they can be grown in poor soils or in areas of low rain fall. Other derivatives include medicines, food flavorings, tannins, gums, resins, and dyes. An extract from Lonchocarpus and Derris called rotonene is the active ingredient in fish poisons, molluscicides, and insecticides.
Nutritionally, legumes are especially good sources of proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and fiber. Especially important as protein sources in areas where animal protein is scarce, legumes contribute about 18 percent of the total plant protein consumed by humans.
Legume proteins contain large amounts of some essential amino acids, such as lysine, but are low in the sulfur containing amino acids methionine and cystine. Legumes? carbohydrate content varies from 13 to 65 percent, of which half or more is starch.
Many legumes are also sources of iron, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, and magnesium. They are particularly high in B vitamins, such as thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and pantothenic acid, as well as vitamins C and E. Legumes are also valued for their low fat content.
Among the most common legumes found in the human diet are the following:
Garden pea
Native to Asia, the garden pea (Psum sativum) is a cool-season crop that is widely cultivated throughout the world, with China and Russia being the most important producers of dried peas and the United States and Great Britain leading the production of green peas.
The garden pea also deserves mention as the plant used by Gregor Mendel in his experiments that defined the science of genetics. The garden pea is marketed as frozen, canned, dried peas, or as snow peas and sugar peas, which represent the harvested pods.
Common bean
Another extremely important legume crop, the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)is a warm-season crop native to South America but is now one of the most widely cultivated legumes in the world, thanks to its introduction into Europe and Africa by Spanish and Portuguese during the sixteenth century. The common bean remains the most important pulse crop in tropical Africa and America, especially in Brazil. Common beans are harvested in the podded stage (snap beans or string beans) or as shell beans.
Shell beans are by far the largest crop and include various types such as navy, kidney, French, string, pinto, and yellow-eye beans. Common beans are the primary ingredient in many staple and well-known foods, including Boston baked beans and chili con carne. Because of their relatively high pectin content, common beans must be soaked in water prior to consumption.
Lima bean
Also known as the butter bean or Madagascar bean, the lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) is native to Central America, where it was cultivated at least seven thousand years ago. Like the common bean, the lima bean has been introduced throughout the world and is now grown in the warmer regions of Africa, Asia, and North America.
The seeds are harvested and marketed canned or frozen in North America, as a bean paste in, and ground into bread flour in the Philippines. Although rich in proteins and carbohydrates, lima beans contain glycosides, which can produce toxic prussic acid, and must therefore be thoroughly preparedby soaking and boiling in frequent changes of water.
Peanut
One of the most nutritious legumes, the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is native to Brazil but has been widely introduced, particularly in the United States, where it has long been an important cash crop along the southern tier of states. The plant initially pushes a flowering stalk above ground, but following fertilization the stalk is pushed into the ground, where it matures, giving rise to the name ground peanut.
Soybean
Soybeans (Glycine max) are an important food crop that have been cultivated in the Far East for thousands of years, often in combination with rice crops. The high protein content of about 45 percent is a major reason for their importance as a food crop.
An oil extracted from soybean seed is used in the manufacture of cooking oils and some margarine. Other important soybean products include tempeh, miso, tamari, and tofu.
Lentil
One of the oldest of crops, lentils (Lens culinaris) were domesticated as early as 8000 b.c.e. in the Fertile Crescent region of the Middle East, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
Lentils are still cultivated widely in the Old World; their highest production rates are in India, but lentils also remain the most important pulse crop in Nepal and Bangladesh. Harvested lentil seeds are used in the production of flour, soups, and as a dried snack food, while the plant is used as high quality straw feed for livestock in the Middle East.
Lentils are considered an excellent pulse crop because of their high protein content as well as being excellent sources of vitamins A and B, potassium, and iron. Nutritionally, they are also valuable because they lack fat content and cholesterol.
Toxic Substances
Toxic or antinutritional substances found in some legumes include alkaloids, cyanide poisons, enzyme inhibitors, saponin, and goitrogen, the last causing an enlargement of the thyroid gland. More serious still are the lectins or haemagglutinins (blood clotting agents) that may cause vomiting, diarrhea and severe abdominal pain, and lathyrism, which can producemild to severe neurological disorders.
Unpleasant but nontoxic substances that occur in certain legumes include stachyose and raffinose carbohydrates, which cause flatulence. Most of these unwanted substances can be removed by appropriate washing and cooking methods prior to consumption.
- Cropping System
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- Agricultural Revolution
Agricultural Revolution The agricultural revolution marked the transition by humans from hunting and gathering all their food to domesticating plants for food. People first obtained their food by scavenging kills made by other animals, by hunting animals,...
- Nitrogen Fixation
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- Beans
Samina Khalid*, Tahira Abbas*, Rashad MukhtarBalal* Muhammad Irfanullah** and Muhammad Adnan Shahid**Assistant Professor Department of Horticulture, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha**Assistant Professor Department of Entomology,...
- Technology Breakthrough: Enables Crops To Take Nitrogen From The Air
A potentially ?world-changing? technology has been developed by researchers at the University of Nottingham ? a means of enabling any type of crop to take nitrogen from the air. In other words, an effective means of phasing out expensive and environmentally...
Agriculture
Legumes
 |
| Legumes |
Legumes, including peas and beans, are among the most important staple food crops worldwide. Legumes are also planted among other crops because of their ability to enrich soil nitrogen content.
Legumes are plants of the pea or bean family classed in the family Leguminosae, which is referred to as the family Fabaceae in North America. With 18,000 species and 650 genera, the legumes are one of the largest families of plants in the world.
The vast majority of legumes are herbaceous plants, but family members range in size from dwarf willow like herbs of Arctic and alpine habitats to massive tropical trees. Most are flowering plants, but the family also includes a number of shrubs and trees, some quite tall and many bearing thorns or spines.
Legumes can be recognized by their distinctive fruits, which are typically elongated pods that contain and protect the seeds. The fruit is an ovary that splits along two sides at maturity. The legume family includes three subfamilies, each with a distinctive type of flower.
Subfamilies
Most members of the subfamily Caesalpinioidae are tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs, many of which are widely planted as ornamentals, including the honey-locust (Gledtsia) and redbud (Cercis species)?both very popular ornamentals?along with a number of subtropical shrubs and small trees, notably themes quite and palo verde of the American Southwest.
The subfamily also includes a number of vines, such aswisteria (Wisteria floribunda) and wait-a-minute vine. An extract of the wild senna (Senna alexandrina) is an important purgative medicine. The flowers of Caesalpinioidae have five uneven petals.
The subfamily Mimosoidae also consists mostly of tropical and subtropical trees and shrubs, such as mimosa and the Kentucky coffee tree, Gymnocladus dioica. Legumes of this subfamily typically have a cluster of small flowers on a single stem, the whole covered by long stamens.
Nitrogen Fertilizer from Legumes
The importance of legumes as a green fertilizer has been recognized for centuries. As early as the third century b.c.e., the Greek philosopher and scientist Theophrastus recommended that beans should be planted to enrich farm soils.
Then, as now, a common agricultural practice was to rotate cereal crops, such as corn or wheat, with leguminous crops, such as clover or alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The legumes used as green fertilizer not only contribute nitrogen to the soil but also can be harvested as animal feed.
 |
 |
The ability of legumes to enrich soil nitrogen content stems from their symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium and other nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which enter and colonize the root hairs of certain legume seedlings.
The cell walls of the root hairs respond by curling to form a nodule that houses and protects the colony of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The bacteria fix molecular nitrogen of the atmosphere into nitrogen-containing compounds useful to the plant, which in turn provides the bacteria with water, minerals, and carbon-based products of photosynthesis.
Legumes as Crops
 |
| Legumes as Crops |
Legumes still rank among the most important of all staple food crops, especially the pulses (edible seeds), such as peas and beans, chickpeas, and lentils. Legumes are also important as cover plants to hold and stabilize soils, as nutrient-rich feed for livestock, as timber products, and as green fertilizer.
Some species are also valuable because they can be grown in poor soils or in areas of low rain fall. Other derivatives include medicines, food flavorings, tannins, gums, resins, and dyes. An extract from Lonchocarpus and Derris called rotonene is the active ingredient in fish poisons, molluscicides, and insecticides.
Nutritionally, legumes are especially good sources of proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and fiber. Especially important as protein sources in areas where animal protein is scarce, legumes contribute about 18 percent of the total plant protein consumed by humans.
Legume proteins contain large amounts of some essential amino acids, such as lysine, but are low in the sulfur containing amino acids methionine and cystine. Legumes? carbohydrate content varies from 13 to 65 percent, of which half or more is starch.
Many legumes are also sources of iron, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, and magnesium. They are particularly high in B vitamins, such as thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and pantothenic acid, as well as vitamins C and E. Legumes are also valued for their low fat content.
Among the most common legumes found in the human diet are the following:
Garden pea
Native to Asia, the garden pea (Psum sativum) is a cool-season crop that is widely cultivated throughout the world, with China and Russia being the most important producers of dried peas and the United States and Great Britain leading the production of green peas.
The garden pea also deserves mention as the plant used by Gregor Mendel in his experiments that defined the science of genetics. The garden pea is marketed as frozen, canned, dried peas, or as snow peas and sugar peas, which represent the harvested pods.
Common bean
Another extremely important legume crop, the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)is a warm-season crop native to South America but is now one of the most widely cultivated legumes in the world, thanks to its introduction into Europe and Africa by Spanish and Portuguese during the sixteenth century. The common bean remains the most important pulse crop in tropical Africa and America, especially in Brazil. Common beans are harvested in the podded stage (snap beans or string beans) or as shell beans.
Shell beans are by far the largest crop and include various types such as navy, kidney, French, string, pinto, and yellow-eye beans. Common beans are the primary ingredient in many staple and well-known foods, including Boston baked beans and chili con carne. Because of their relatively high pectin content, common beans must be soaked in water prior to consumption.
Lima bean
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| survive a food crisis |
The seeds are harvested and marketed canned or frozen in North America, as a bean paste in, and ground into bread flour in the Philippines. Although rich in proteins and carbohydrates, lima beans contain glycosides, which can produce toxic prussic acid, and must therefore be thoroughly preparedby soaking and boiling in frequent changes of water.
Peanut
One of the most nutritious legumes, the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is native to Brazil but has been widely introduced, particularly in the United States, where it has long been an important cash crop along the southern tier of states. The plant initially pushes a flowering stalk above ground, but following fertilization the stalk is pushed into the ground, where it matures, giving rise to the name ground peanut.
Soybean
Soybeans (Glycine max) are an important food crop that have been cultivated in the Far East for thousands of years, often in combination with rice crops. The high protein content of about 45 percent is a major reason for their importance as a food crop.
An oil extracted from soybean seed is used in the manufacture of cooking oils and some margarine. Other important soybean products include tempeh, miso, tamari, and tofu.
Lentil
One of the oldest of crops, lentils (Lens culinaris) were domesticated as early as 8000 b.c.e. in the Fertile Crescent region of the Middle East, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
 |
| Lentils |
Lentils are still cultivated widely in the Old World; their highest production rates are in India, but lentils also remain the most important pulse crop in Nepal and Bangladesh. Harvested lentil seeds are used in the production of flour, soups, and as a dried snack food, while the plant is used as high quality straw feed for livestock in the Middle East.
Lentils are considered an excellent pulse crop because of their high protein content as well as being excellent sources of vitamins A and B, potassium, and iron. Nutritionally, they are also valuable because they lack fat content and cholesterol.
Toxic Substances
Unpleasant but nontoxic substances that occur in certain legumes include stachyose and raffinose carbohydrates, which cause flatulence. Most of these unwanted substances can be removed by appropriate washing and cooking methods prior to consumption.
- Cropping System
principle of cropping systemCropping system The way or pattern in which different crop are grown or cultivated same time in a same field is known as cropping system. We can divided cropping system into two terms such as a) Mixed cropping and b) Inter...
- Agricultural Revolution
Agricultural Revolution The agricultural revolution marked the transition by humans from hunting and gathering all their food to domesticating plants for food. People first obtained their food by scavenging kills made by other animals, by hunting animals,...
- Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrogen FixationNitrogen fixation is the process whereby elemental nitrogen from the atmosphere is converted to ammonium, an ionic form of nitrogen available to higher plants. Nitrogen, the fourth most abundant element in most organisms, can account...
- Beans
Samina Khalid*, Tahira Abbas*, Rashad MukhtarBalal* Muhammad Irfanullah** and Muhammad Adnan Shahid**Assistant Professor Department of Horticulture, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha**Assistant Professor Department of Entomology,...
- Technology Breakthrough: Enables Crops To Take Nitrogen From The Air
A potentially ?world-changing? technology has been developed by researchers at the University of Nottingham ? a means of enabling any type of crop to take nitrogen from the air. In other words, an effective means of phasing out expensive and environmentally...