Agriculture
"???? ??? ?????." ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???. ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ???. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? (???????? ????????? ?????????)? ???? biotic ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? (???? ????) ?????? ??? abiotic (??? ????) ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???.????? ?? ?????? ??? "??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??."? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??. ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? biocontrol agents.Biological ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? biocontrol ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? way.Biological ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? biocontrol ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? (???? ?? ??? ??? ???) ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??. ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??.??? ???????:?) ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? biocontrol ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? perpetuating ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? "?????" ?? ???? ??.?) ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??.?) ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??.?) Suppressive ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???.??) ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??.??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? F) ????? ????? ??? biocontrol ????? ?? buildup ?? buildup ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??.?) ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? (IPM) ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????H) ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??.???) ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? (?????? ??????)? rangeland? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??.??? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???. ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??. ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??. ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? - - ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? beneficials ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??. ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??.1. ????? ????? =?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? "??? ????" ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????? "??????? ?????" ??. ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??. ????? biocontrol ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??. ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? enemy.Classic ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??: 1888 ??? ???????? ?? Vedalia ???? ?????? Cottonycushion ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? (predaceous ????? ????) ??????. ?????? ???????? ????? ??.2. ??????? = ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????Inundative ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??. Inoculative ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??.3. ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??.?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????1. ???????? ??? Parasitoids?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? (??????) ?? ??? ?? ???? ??.Parasitoid ??? arthropod ?? parasitizes ??? ????? arthropod (????? mites? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????) ?????? ????? ????? ??? parasitoid ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? adult.Parasitoids ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???. wasps? ????? ??? ????? mantis ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????????: ????? ?? ?? parasitoids ??? ??? ?????. ???? ???? parasitoids ?? ovipositor ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? (?????? arthropod ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??) ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??.2. ????????????? "??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? (????) ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??." ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? amphibians? reptiles? ?????????? arthropods? ??? ??? ????? (???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????): ?? ?? ???????? ???. ??? ??? dragonflies ??? damselflies? mantids ?? ????? ??? thrips? lacewings ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? wasps ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????: ????? predaceous ???. ?????? ??? ??? mites ??? arthropods ?? ??? ???????? ???.3. ?????????????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??. ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????????: ?????? ?????? thuringiensis = ???? (??? caterpillar ?????? ????? ????????? ??????) ????? Nucleopolyhedrosis ????? (???? ???? moth? ????? ???? borer)? ??? Metarhizium granulosis ????? (moth Codling). . (?????? motels)? Beauveria bassiana (???????? ??? ????? ???? rootworms) Protozoa Nosema ?? locustae (grasshoppers) Nematodes - Steinernemaand Heterorhabditisspp. (??? weevils? ????? caterpillars ????).4. ???????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??. ?? ?? ??? ????????? rangelands? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? (???? ?? ??? ??? herbicides? ????) ???????? ?? uneconomical ??? ??? ??? ??? ??. ??? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? biocontrol ??????? (???? ?? ??? ??? ????? rusts) ?? ??? ?? ????? ??. ???? ?? ??? ???? biocontrol ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??. ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? biocontrol ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??. ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???.
- Insect Pest Of Rice: Rice Hispa
symptoms of infested fieldrice hispa Rice Hispa ( Scientific name is Dicladispa armigera ) is major insect pest of rice. Rice hispa belongs to the Chrysomelidae family of Coleoptera order. Both adults and grubs are destructive to rice crops. Mainly leaf...
- Insect Pest Of Rice: Rice Bug
Rice Bug is one of the most economically important insect pests of the world. In rice producing countries is one of the major problems. That means rice bug is very common pest of rice. Scientific name of the rice bug is Leptocorisa acuta. This insect...
- Insect Pest Of Rice: Rice Stem Borer
Rice stem borer is a very common insect pest in world, specially in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh regions. Yield reduces due to attack of this insect. There are mainly three stem borer of rice. They are a) Rice yellow stem borer ( Scirpophaga incertulas),...
- Biopesticides
BiopesticidesBiopesticides are biological agents, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, mites, and other organisms used to control insect and weed pests in an environmentally and ecologically friendly manner. Biopesticides allow biologically based, rather...
- Aphid Parasitoids From Punjab Province Of Pakistan
Aphid parasitoids are important bio-control agents, being used in aphid pest management in the field as well as in greenhouses worldwide. Over 400 species of parasitoids are described worldwide and most of them are being used as a basis of integrated...
Agriculture
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"???? ??? ?????." ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???. ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ???. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? (???????? ????????? ?????????)? ???? biotic ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? (???? ????) ?????? ??? abiotic (??? ????) ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???.????? ?? ?????? ??? "??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??."? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ??. ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? biocontrol agents.Biological ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? biocontrol ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? way.Biological ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? biocontrol ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? (???? ?? ??? ??? ???) ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??. ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??.??? ???????:?) ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? biocontrol ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? perpetuating ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? "?????" ?? ???? ??.?) ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??.?) ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??.?) Suppressive ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???.??) ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??.??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? F) ????? ????? ??? biocontrol ????? ?? buildup ?? buildup ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??.?) ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? (IPM) ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????H) ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??.???) ????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? (?????? ??????)? rangeland? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??.??? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???. ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??. ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??. ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? - - ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? beneficials ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??. ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??.1. ????? ????? =?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? "??? ????" ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????? "??????? ?????" ??. ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??. ????? biocontrol ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??. ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? enemy.Classic ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??: 1888 ??? ???????? ?? Vedalia ???? ?????? Cottonycushion ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? (predaceous ????? ????) ??????. ?????? ???????? ????? ??.2. ??????? = ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????Inundative ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??. Inoculative ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??.3. ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??.?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????1. ???????? ??? Parasitoids?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? (??????) ?? ??? ?? ???? ??.Parasitoid ??? arthropod ?? parasitizes ??? ????? arthropod (????? mites? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????) ?????? ????? ????? ??? parasitoid ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? adult.Parasitoids ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???. wasps? ????? ??? ????? mantis ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????????: ????? ?? ?? parasitoids ??? ??? ?????. ???? ???? parasitoids ?? ovipositor ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? (?????? arthropod ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??) ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??.2. ????????????? "??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? (????) ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??." ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? amphibians? reptiles? ?????????? arthropods? ??? ??? ????? (???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????): ?? ?? ???????? ???. ??? ??? dragonflies ??? damselflies? mantids ?? ????? ??? thrips? lacewings ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??? wasps ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????: ????? predaceous ???. ?????? ??? ??? mites ??? arthropods ?? ??? ???????? ???.3. ?????????????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??. ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????????: ?????? ?????? thuringiensis = ???? (??? caterpillar ?????? ????? ????????? ??????) ????? Nucleopolyhedrosis ????? (???? ???? moth? ????? ???? borer)? ??? Metarhizium granulosis ????? (moth Codling). . (?????? motels)? Beauveria bassiana (???????? ??? ????? ???? rootworms) Protozoa Nosema ?? locustae (grasshoppers) Nematodes - Steinernemaand Heterorhabditisspp. (??? weevils? ????? caterpillars ????).4. ???????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??. ?? ?? ??? ????????? rangelands? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? (???? ?? ??? ??? herbicides? ????) ???????? ?? uneconomical ??? ??? ??? ??? ??. ??? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? biocontrol ??????? (???? ?? ??? ??? ????? rusts) ?? ??? ?? ????? ??. ???? ?? ??? ???? biocontrol ????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??. ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? biocontrol ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??. ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???.
- Insect Pest Of Rice: Rice Hispa
symptoms of infested fieldrice hispa Rice Hispa ( Scientific name is Dicladispa armigera ) is major insect pest of rice. Rice hispa belongs to the Chrysomelidae family of Coleoptera order. Both adults and grubs are destructive to rice crops. Mainly leaf...
- Insect Pest Of Rice: Rice Bug
Rice Bug is one of the most economically important insect pests of the world. In rice producing countries is one of the major problems. That means rice bug is very common pest of rice. Scientific name of the rice bug is Leptocorisa acuta. This insect...
- Insect Pest Of Rice: Rice Stem Borer
Rice stem borer is a very common insect pest in world, specially in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh regions. Yield reduces due to attack of this insect. There are mainly three stem borer of rice. They are a) Rice yellow stem borer ( Scirpophaga incertulas),...
- Biopesticides
BiopesticidesBiopesticides are biological agents, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, mites, and other organisms used to control insect and weed pests in an environmentally and ecologically friendly manner. Biopesticides allow biologically based, rather...
- Aphid Parasitoids From Punjab Province Of Pakistan
Aphid parasitoids are important bio-control agents, being used in aphid pest management in the field as well as in greenhouses worldwide. Over 400 species of parasitoids are described worldwide and most of them are being used as a basis of integrated...